A description and detailed discussion of the main international rules for the prevention of collisions at sea. The Regulations apply to all ships on the high seas and connected waters.
International Regulations: Part DSound and light signalsRule 32. DEFINITIONS a. The word "whistle" means any sound signaling device that can produce the prescribed sounds and meets the technical requirements listed in Appendix 3 to these Rules. b. The term "short sound" means a sound lasting approximately 1 second. c. The term "sustained sound" means a sound lasting 4...
International Regulations: Part ESeizuresRule 38. SEIZURES Any ship (or type of ship) the keel of which is laid or which is at an appropriate stage of construction prior to the entry into force of these Rules, provided that it complies with the requirements of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960, may be exempted...
In water areas the means of localization and liquidation of oil and oil products spills are booms. Important functions of booms are: prevention of oil spreading on the water surface, reduction of oil product concentration to facilitate cleanup, and trawling (diversion) of oil away from environmentally sensitive areas. Elimination of emergency spills of oil products and...
Soloviev V.I.Scientific and Production Enterprise "Econad", Odesa, UkraineGubanov V.V.Odesa Branch of the Southern Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and OceanographyKozhanova G.A., Gudzenko T.V.Odesa National University named after I.I. Mechnikov Oil pollution is one of the most massive and dangerous in its consequences manifestations of anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. The waters of rivers, lakes and the...
From year to year all over the world there is an increase in the number and scale of environmental incidents associated with spills of oil and oil products, which are increasingly polluting our planet. One of the effective ways to prevent and eliminate oil spills is the competent use of oil sorbents. The Russian market...
Among all engineering creations, drilling platforms are Gullivers, in comparison with which even large ships seem like midgets. Modern structures weighing more than half a million tons, capable of drilling wells up to 10-13 km and created by human hands! The largest platforms are recognized: The TROLL-A reinforced concrete industrial platform is the world's heaviest man-made object...
Approximately 3 thousand years BC. e. The inhabitants of the Middle East are beginning to use oil as fuel, for the manufacture of weapons, for lamps and building materials (bitumen, asphalt). Oil was collected from the surface of open reservoirs. AD 347 e. In China, for the first time, wells were drilled in the ground to...
1870 - the first experience of creating an oil monopoly. 1877. For the first time in the world, Russia is starting to use tankers to deliver oil from Baku fields to Astrakhan. 1886. German engineers Karl Benz, Wilhelm Daimler created a car powered by a gasoline engine. 1905. The first large-scale fire in non-oil fields occurred in Baku. 1908....
Petroleum products are mixtures of hydrocarbons, as well as individual chemical compounds obtained from oil and petroleum gases. Oil products include various types of fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc.), lubricants, electrical insulating media, solvents, petrochemical raw materials. Petroleum products are obtained as a result of a chemical process - the distillation of oil, from which substances...
